Hemoglobin (Hgb) Test Results

Your age and gender both affect your Hgb levels. Typical healthy Hgb levels are as follows:

What level of Hgb is concerning?

For MAABs, Hgb levels below 14 g/dL are considered low. For FAABs, Hgb levels below 12 g/dL are considered low if they are not pregnant.

This threshold may change with certain conditions. It can also vary depending on the lab, so be sure to check your lab’s reference range. For children these levels may also vary due to age, especially in infants under 6 months old.

The Hgb test uses a sample of your blood to determine hemoglobin levels.

To take a sample, your healthcare professional extracts blood from a vein by pricking your finger or inserting a needle with an attached tube into the crease of your arm. The sample is then stored in the tube to be analyzed later at a lab.

The needle may cause brief discomfort, but the insertion usually lasts less than a minute. If you’re sensitive to getting blood drawn or the sight of blood, have someone come with you and let your provider know.

The Hgb test may be ordered as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A CBC test also measures other important components of your blood, such as white blood cells and platelets. Abnormal levels of any of these cells can indicate underlying conditions or blood disorders.

Here are a few other reasons your doctor may order an Hgb test:

• You have parents or other family members who have blood disorders, such as sickle cell anemia.
• You have an infection.
• You don’t have enough iron, vitamin B12, or folate in your diet.
• You’ve lost a lot of blood after surgery or a traumatic injury.
• You’re pregnant.
• You have a medical condition that can affect your Hgb levels.

You don’t need to fast for the Hgb test specifically. You may need to fast — avoiding food or liquids with calories for about 12 hours — if your doctor plans to test the chemistry of your blood at the same time. You should drink plenty of water, however.

Low Hgb is also known as anemia, which means you don’t have enough red blood cells in your body.

With anemia, a blood test will also show that you have a low red blood cell count and may have low hematocrit, the volume of red blood cells to other components in your blood.

Anemia can have many causes, so symptoms vary widely. Common anemia symptoms can include:

• exhaustion
• skin paleness
• shortness of breath
• abnormal or rapid heartbeat
• pain in your chest
• cold, swollen hands or feet
• headache
• trouble with physical activity

While exhaustion or fatigue isn’t a cause of low hemoglobin, it can be a symptom. A lower-than-normal amount of hemoglobin can result in decreased oxygen delivery to vital organs and muscles, resulting in fatigue or a lack of energy.

Low Hgb levels can be caused by any condition that affects your body’s ability to create red blood cells or conditions that lower red blood cells in your bloodstream.

Possible causes of low Hgb include:

• Lack of iron in your diet: This makes it harder for your bone marrow to produce Hgb.
• Lack of folate or vitamin B-12: This can lead to your body producing fewer red blood cells than are needed
• Severe blood loss: This can happenafter surgery or a major injury.
• Internal bleeding: This can be caused by stomach ulcers, stomach or colon cancer, or internal injuries.
• Sickle cell anemia: This is a genetic condition that causes red blood cells to be abnormally sickle-shaped and able to carry less Hgb.
• Hypothyroidism: This means that the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones.
• Splenomegaly: This is an enlarged spleen caused by infection, liver conditions, or cancer.
• Bone marrow conditions: This includes cancer leukemia, which prevents your bone marrow from producing enough red blood cells.
• Chronic kidney disease: With this, your kidneys don’t function properly (resulting in a deficiency of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in your bone marrow).

Other causes can include:

• donating blood too often
• conditions that cause chronic bleeding, such as gastric ulcers, colon polyps, colon cancer, uterine fibroids, or heavy menstrual bleeding
• alcohol misuse
• chronic health problems such as autoimmune diseases or cancer

High Hgb is known as polycythemia. This means you have too many red blood cells.

Polycythemia vera is a cancer of the blood in which your bone marrow overproduces red blood cells.

With polycythemia, a blood test also shows that you have a high red blood cell count and high hematocrit.

Common symptoms of high Hgb levels include:

• itchiness
• headache
• dizziness
• getting easily bruised or bleeding
• sweating more than usual
• painful joint swelling
• abnormal weight loss
• a yellow tint to the eyes and skin (jaundice)
• feeling exhausted
• a purple or reddish tint to the skin

High Hgb may result from your body needing to store more Hgb in red blood cells in response to low oxygen. This can happen due to factors in your environment, a condition that affects your heart or lung function, or certain lifestyle choices.

Possible causes of high Hgb levels include:

• Living at high altitudes: At high locations like mountains, there isn’t as much oxygen in the air.
• Smoking tobacco products: This includes cigarettes or cigars.
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This is a condition that inflames the lungs and blocks air from getting into your lungs.
• Heart or lung diseases: These affect your ability to breathe, your lungs’ ability to pass oxygen into your bloodstream, or your heart’s ability to pump normally.
• Taking erythropoietin unnecessarily: This may happen to enhance high-level physical performance, for example.

Other causes include:

• being severely dehydrated
• heart failure
• cancer of the liver or kidneys

Your doctor may recommend a Hgb test if you have symptoms of abnormal Hgb levels or if you’re pregnant.

The earlier you notice the symptoms of abnormal Hgb levels and have the cause diagnosed, the more likely you are to have successful treatment.

See your doctor if you’re experiencing any symptoms of high or low Hgb. If you have a family history of blood disorders or conditions that can affect the bone marrow or red blood cell production, you’ll likely need regular Hgb tests along with a CBC to monitor how these health problems may be affecting your blood cells.